Many persons are confused
about the difference between psychiatry and psychology. The following discussion,
therefore, offers an objective, concise, and simply-stated description of
the difference.
Psychiatry
A
psychiatrist has attended medical
school and is a physician and therefore holds an M.D. degree. In residency,
he or she received specialized training in the field of psychiatry, in addition
to all the rigorous training of medical school in general. And, just like
other fields of medical practice such as internal medicine, psychiatry tends
to focus mainly on the use of
medications
for treatment. Therefore, psychiatric training does not necessarily encompass
training in
psychotherapy,
and, unlike the training for many psychologists, psychiatrists are not required
to complete any
personal psychotherapy.
Nevertheless, many psychiatrists have, for personal reasons, pursued training
in psychotherapy. Historically, this training has most often been in the
area of
psychoanalysis.
Psychology
A
psychologist usually holds a doctoral
degree (Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.) from a university or professional school.
Generally, if he or she is in clinical practice, the degree will be in
Clinical
Psychology (although it might be in
Counseling
Psychology). With the exception of the Psy.D. (a purely clinical degree),
all psychologists have had extensive training in research, having completed
an original scientific study—called a doctoral dissertation—as
a major part of the training.
In fact, the
psychologist’s training in
research
is what most distinguishes a psychologist from other providers of mental
health treatment. Not only does the field of psychology use research to assess
the effectiveness of various forms of treatment, but also any particular
psychologist trained in research should have acquired some solid skills useful
for analyzing information and drawing conclusions in psychotherapy
sessions.
Moreover, in
addition to research training, the psychologist will have completed one or
more clinical internships, and he or she will likely have been required to
have experienced at least a year of
personal psychotherapy.
Many psychologists
also receive training in
psychological testing.
What about
Psychoanalysis?
Although the
current practice of both psychiatry and psychology has been deeply influenced
by the theories of psychoanalysis, all three practices have separate
roots.
As explained
above, psychiatry has its roots in medicine. Psychology has its
roots
in the academic study of animal and human perception, and in the early part
of the 20th century it was first applied clinically as an aid to
education.
Psychoanalysis,
both a theory of mental functioning and a specific type of treatment philosophy,
was developed by Sigmund Freud
 in the early 1900s. Freud, a physician and a professor
of medicine, developed his theories about psychoanalysis while studying cases
of hysteria and compulsion neurosis. The basic premise of psychoanalysis
is that most psychological symptoms are the result
of our
unconsciously
avoiding many of the unpleasant truths about ourselves. Through a detailed
“psycho” analysis (i.e., analysis of our thought process and mental
images) we come to learn just how we consistently manage to
lie to and deceive ourselves. The idea behind this
treatment philosophy is that persons who have come to understand their own
deceptions can then manage to avoid being controlled by them.
A description
of the clinical procedures of psychoanalysis can be found
on the Types of Psychological Treatment
page.
To become a
psychoanalyst, a person must study and receive supervised training at a
psychoanalytic institute. For many years, only psychiatrists were allowed
admission to psychoanalytic training institutes, and psychoanalysis was the
preferred treatment modality used by psychiatrists practicing psychotherapy.
Today, however, psychologists—as well as some social workers and even
lay persons—can get admission to psychoanalytic training.
Anyone who goes
through the training to become a psychoanalyst must complete a thorough personal
psychoanalytic treatment as well. Moreover, some psychologists who do not
choose to pursue psychoanalytic training still choose a personal psychoanalysis
as a way to prepare for being better able to serve their patients.
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Additional
Resources
Psychiatry:
The
American Psychiatric Association represents all member psychiatrists,
and its site provides extensive information about psychiatry.
The Medical Board of
California oversees licensing of physicians in CA.
Psychoanalysis:
Academy
for the Study of the Psychoanalytic Arts —“To advance
the study of psychoanalytic epistemology, theory, practice, ethics, and education
within a psychological framework consisting of philosophy, the arts, and
the anthropic sciences as opposed to biology, medicine, and the natural
sciences.”
The American Psychoanalytic
Association represents all member psychoanalysts.
The Lacanian School
of Psychoanalysis in the San Francisco Bay area, offers training
in Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis
by Wolfgang Albrecht, in Berlin; provides links to pages with information
related to Psychoanalysis.
The Psychoanalytic Institute
of Northern California offers psychoanalytic training.
The San Francisco Psychoanalytic
Institute is a psychoanalytic training institute in San
Francisco.
The San Francisco
Society for Lacanian Studies provides lectures and information
about Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Lacan Related Papers provides links to numerous
Lacan-related papers.
Lacanian
Links provides links to Lacanian sites and is an extensive resource
for Lacanian articles and papers.
Psychology:
Association
of State and Provincial Psychology Boards —Roster for US and
Canada.
The California Board
of Psychology oversees licensing of psychologists in CA.
The
California Psychological Association Accrediting Agency provides
information about continuing education for psychologists in CA.
Divisions
of the American Psychological Association lists the various divisions
of the APA and will give you an idea of the many varied applications of
psychology.
History of
Psychology:
Classics
in the History of Psychology
History of
Clinical Psychology
History
of Psychology Archives
Related pages within A Guide to Psychology
and its Practice:
How To Become
a Psychologist
Psychological
Testing
Psychology: Clinical
or Counseling or...?
Questions and Answers
about Psychotherapy
To Become a
Psychologist
Types of Psychological
Treatment
CONTACT ME
INDEX of all subjects
on this website
SEARCH this
website
A Guide to Psychology
and its Practice
www.GuideToPsychology.com
Copyright © 1997-2008 Raymond Lloyd Richmond, Ph.D. All rights
reserved.
San Francisco, California USA
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